Ytterbium Facts - Yb Element Facts

Ytterbium is element number 70 with an element symbol Yb. This silver-colored rare earth element is one of several elements discovered from ores from a quarry in Ytterby, Sweden. Here are interesting facts about element Yb, as well as a summary of key atomic data: Interesting Ytterbium Element Facts Like other rare earth elements, ytterbium isnt really all that rare, but it did take scientists a long time to figure out how to separate the rare earth elements from one another. During this time, it was rare to encounter them. Today, rare earths are common in everyday products, particularly in monitors and electronics.Ytterbium was one of the elements isolated from the mineral yttria. These elements derive their names from Ytterby (e.g., Yttrium, Ytterbium, Terbium, Erbium). For about 30 years, it was difficult to distinguish the elements from each other, so there was confusion about which element belonged to which name. Ytterbium went by at least four names, including ytterbium, ytterbia, erbia, and neoytterbia, when it wasnt altogether confused with another element.Credit for discovering ytterbium is shared between Jean-Charles Gallisard de Marignac, Lars Fredrik Nilson, and Georges Urbain, who identified the element over a period of several years, starting in 1787. Marignac repo rted the elemental analysis of a sample called erbia in 1878 (isolated from yttria), saying it consisted of two elements he called erbium and ytterbium. In 1879, Nilson announced Marignacs ytterbium was not a single element, but a mixture of two elements he called scandium and ytterbium. In 1907, Urbain announced Nilsons ytterbium was, in turn, a mixture of two elements, which he called ytterbium and lutetium. Relatively pure ytterbium was not isolated until 1937. A high purity specimen of the element wasnt made until 1953.Uses of ytterbium include use as a radiation source for x-ray machines. It is added to stainless steel to improve its mechanical properties. It may be added as a doping agent to fiber optic cable. It is used to make certain lasers.Ytterbium and its compounds are not normally found in the human body. They are estimated to be of low to moderate toxicity. However, ytterbium is stored and treated as if it were a highly toxic chemical. Part of the reason is that metall ic ytterbium dust presents a fire hazard, evolving toxic fumes as it burns. A ytterbium fire can only be extinguished using a class D dry chemical fire extinguisher. Another risk from ytterbium is that it causes skin and eye irritation. Scientists believe some ytterbium compounds are teratogenic.Ytterbium is a bright, shiny silver metal that is ductile and malleable. The most common oxidation state of ytterbium is 3, but the 2 oxidation state also occurs (which is unusual for a lanthanide). It is more reactive than the other lanthanide elements, so it is generally stored in sealed containers to keep it from reacting with oxygen and water in air. The finely powdered metal will ignite in air.Ytterbium is the 44th most abundant element in the Earths crust. It is one of the more common rare earths, present at about 2.7 to 8 parts per million in the crust. It is common in the mineral monazite.7 natural isotopes of ytterbium occur, plus at least 27 radioactive isotopes have been observed. The most common isotope is ytterbium-174, which accounts for about 31.8 percent of the natural abundance of the element. The most stable radioisotope is ytterbium-169, which has a half-life of 32.0 days. Ytterbium also displays 12 meta states, with the most stable being ytterbium-169m, with a half life of 46 seconds. Ytterbium Element Atomic Data Element Name: Ytterbium Atomic Number: 70 Symbol: Yb Atomic Weight: 173.04 Discovery: Jean de Marignac 1878 (Switzerland) Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 6s2 Element Classification: Rare Earth (Lanthanide Series) Word Origin: Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby. Density (g/cc): 6.9654 Melting Point (K): 1097 Boiling Point (K): 1466 Appearance: silvery, lustrous, malleable, and ductile metal Atomic Radius (pm): 194 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 24.8 Ionic Radius: 85.8 (3e) 93 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.145 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 3.35 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 159 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.1 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 603 Oxidation States: 3, 2 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 5.490 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table

Basketball Is More Than Just A Sport - 1378 Words

Daniel Cooper AP English Mr. Cohen 9-24-14 Senior Project Basketball is more than just a sport Dwayne Wade was born January 17, 1982 in Chicago, Illinois. Most people see Wade as just an NBA star who has a lot of money, but most people don’t know the full story of what he has been through in his life and how he got to the NBA. When Wade was born, his parents separated a short while after and custody was given to his mother. Then because of the crime in Chicago and financial issues Wade had to move with his father. This is where Dwayne Wade began to play basketball and found out that he was really good at it. He was a star on his high school varsity basketball team then moved up to the college and was unable to play for his first two years because of his grades. For these two years that Wade couldn’t play he still practiced with the team and continued to work on and improve his game. In 2003 Wade entered the NBA draft and was selected to play with the Miami Heat where he made himself an All-star and still is an a ll-star today. People who play basketball are affected in many positive ways by it. African-Americans that come from low-income families and dangerous neighborhoods often play basketball. Young African Americans see playing basketball as a ticket to a better life and a cheaper education. Black students receive more athletic scholarships than any other race. In 2008 African Americans received twenty three percent of all athleticShow MoreRelatedSpeech About Basketball759 Words   |  4 PagesJoelle Greif Writing- 3 December 19, 2017 The World of Basketball As I watched the basketball game I could hear the ref blowing his whistle every 10 seconds. I could smell the salty sweat dripping from the players forehead. Basketball is a fun and hard core sport that you can play with your friends, and against your peers. Today you will learn about how basketball is appealing, a both gender sport, good for your health, has great history, and will have a great future. Read MoreMen And Women Should Be Offered The Same Opportunities948 Words   |  4 PagesGENDER AND SPORTS (redo title) Men and women should be offered the same opportunities. Men dominate the sport industry: men participate more in sports, viewers tune in more to men sports, and men playing sports is more acceptable. At a young age, boys tend to be push to participate more in sports or bond with their father over sport. On the other hand, young girls are motivated to dance or cheer- graceful activities and bond with their mothers through shopping or activities geared toward femalesRead MoreOutline Of Figueroa s Framework1621 Words   |  7 Pagesequity, equality in sport and in general physical activity. Figueroa’s framework is constructed over 5 different areas which are all used to investigate ways in which inequities challenge the area of sport and physical activity. All of the levels connect and contribute to shaping the overall joint effect. They show the different functions that reinforce, create, remove and eliminate barriers within a sport. Current status of basketball through PLC The current status of basketball participations throughoutRead MoreHow Basketball Is A Sport Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagescool is defined is basically something that one cherishes or has passion for as it could vary from playing sports to having a pet rock. Playing basketball is cool because it is a sport for anyone who has passion for the game as each player holds a different position on the court allowing a team to function well. Not only is basketball a sport for anyone, it also acts as a stress relief. Basketball allows individuals to be put in a relaxed state of mind allowing their minds to clear up from the stressRead MoreThe Similarities and Differences Between Professional Football and Basketball847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Similarities and Differences between Professional Football and Basketball Elbert L. Hereford COM/170 - ELEMENTS OF UNIVERSITY COMPOSITION AND COMMUNICATION I 11/27/2012 Daniel Gleason Thesis There are several similarities and differences between basketball and football as sports. The competitive nature of games calls for the society to express itself in these types of physical activity. Both of these activities require a finish goal where one team loses or wins in return giving theRead MoreBasketball Is The Better Sport1133 Words   |  5 PagesBasketball is the better sport! For many years they have been many debates on which sport is the better one. For me basketball is better because of the skill required to play it. While playing basketball you don’t always have to be the biggest guy or girl on the court. Notice I said girl, girls can’t play football but they can play basketball. Football is a very rough sport it’s a contact sport meaning you have to make contact with the ball carrier, when playing basketball you don’t have to worryRead MoreSimilarities Between Soccer And Soccer1155 Words   |  5 PagesBasketball vs Soccer Essay Basketball, a sport that many people enjoy. A sport where two teams face off to see which one is better. A sport that uses their hands to guide a ball towards the hoop. Soccer, a sport that many people also enjoy. A sport where players use their feet to guide a ball towards the net. Two different, but same sports. Although many people might not think of it, there is a lot of similarities and differences between basketball and soccer The first difference that these two sportsRead MoreComparing Basketball And The Basketball Association826 Words   |  4 PagesNBA Basketball is one of the most popular sports played and watched nationwide and global. Shooting, dribbling, crossing someone up, and even dunking has caught the eye of many people around the world. Many basketball players start at young age playing at a local recreation or YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) to build their skills and IQ of the game. This sport also consists of two genders: male and female. One of the top associations in American sports today is The National Basketball AssociationRead MoreBasketball Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesSince its conception in 1891, the sport of basketball has always been a catalyst for excitement that never ceases to amuse its viewers. It not only excites those participating in the sport, but also manages to innervate those who watch from the comfort of their couch. This surge in energy continues to persuade even the most indolent individuals to join in a friendly game of basketball every once in awhile. Basketball has long be en praised as an elegant sport because of its focus on accuracy, precisionRead MoreSpeech On The Game Of Basketball1118 Words   |  5 PagesII. Specific Purpose: To inform the class on how to shoot a basketball. III. Central Idea: The game of basketball has greatly changed since it was invented, but one thing remains constant: You need to know how to shoot a basketball. Introduction I. Open with Impact: The game of basketball is a multimillion-dollar industry and is an easy sport to play. The sport has gained worldwide popularity because it can be played competitively or just for fun. II. Thesis: The original concept of the game is surprisingly

Mobile Communication in Romantic Relationships Essay Sample free essay sample

This survey examines the association between nomadic phone usage and relational uncertainness. familiarity. and fond regard. A study of 197 university pupils presently in romantic relationships revealed that relational uncertainness was negatively associated with the sum of Mobile phone usage. Relational familiarity. nevertheless. was positively associated with nomadic phone usage. In respects to attachment manners. participants with higher degrees of turning away placed fewer calls than those with lower degrees of turning away. Anxiety degrees were non significantly associated with nomadic phone usage. These findings indicate that a higher sum of nomadic communicating between spouses is closely related to positive results in their relationship. Specifically. nomadic communicating between romantic spouses can cut down relational uncertainness and increase familiarity. every bit good as be influenced by the communicators‘ fond regard manners. Mobile Romantic Communication Mobile Communication in Romantic Relationships: The Relationship Between Mobile Phone Use and Relational Uncertainty. Intimacy. and Attachment Mobile phones have become one of the most permeant interpersonal media. Consequently. the survey of nomadic communicating has been burgeoning in recent old ages ( e. g. . Craig. 2007 ; Katz. 2003 ; Katz A ; Aakhus. 2002 ; Ling A ; Pedersen. 2005 ) . For case. Jin ( 2007 ) uncovered that nomadic communicating portions some similarities with face-to-face communicating. In peculiar. higher sums of both nomadic and face-to-face communicating were negatively associated with solitariness ( Jin. 2007 ) . Besides. persons in romantic relationships used nomadic phones significantly more frequently than those non romantically involved ( Jin. 2007 ) . Similarly. old findings suggest that nomadic communicating tends to happen within close relationships. such as household. romantic twosomes. and friends ( Campbell A ; Russo. 2003 ; Ishii. 2006 ) . It appears that by utilizing nomadic phones people can beef up their household bonds. facilitate friendly relationships. and construct common support ( Campbell A ; Kelley. 2006 ; Campbell A ; Russo. 2003 ; Ishii. 2006 ; Wei A ; Lo. 2006 ) . Katz and Aakhus ( 2002 ) argue that. across civilizations. people use communicating tools in ways that maximize their demands and amenitiess. frequently ensuing in the innovation of new ways people interact. In line with this. Licoppe ( 2004 ) argued that the coming of nomadic engineering enabled us to develop a peculiar communicating form in close relationships. which is referred to as the affiliated manner of communicating. This manner is represented by short and frequent communicative gestures. as illustrated by immature people‘s usage of nomadic phones ( Licoppe. 2004 ) . In support of nomadic communicating as a medium to keep connectivity. Ling and Yttri ( 2002 ) found that immature people used their nomadic phones to maintain look intoing what their friends are making to organize each other‘s activities. As such. a ?connected? manner of keeping relationships is going a outstanding day-to-day pattern of modern twosomes ( Licoppe. 2004 ) . These surveies. nevertheless. have non yet to the full examined how nomadic communicating between romantic spouses is associated with relational procedures and results. For illustration. does mobile phone usage in romantic twosomes alleviate or augment feelings of uncertainness about how the relationship will develop in the hereafter? To turn to the inquiry. the present survey investigated how relational uncertainness and familiarity are influenced by Mobile phone usage in romantic relationships. Besides. given that a assortment of personal affectional procedures have been linked to media usage. single features were expected to act upon nomadic communicating between spouses. For illustration. Ellison. Steinfield. and Lampe ( 2007 ) demonstrated how people‘s self-pride may act upon their usage of societal web sites. Besides. feelings of solitariness and depression might predispose some people to develop debatable Internet usage behaviours ( Caplan. 2003 ) . However. we soon know small about how people with different ways of associating usage nomadic communicating. In peculiar. people‘s fond regard manners exert dependable influence over communicative behaviours. particularly in close relationships ( Bartholomew A ; Horowitz. 1991 ) . and hence attachment manner was considered in this survey. Relational Uncertainty One cardinal procedure in interpersonal relationships relates to people‘s motive and schemes geared at cut downing relational uncertainness. Put it otherwise. people set up and develop close relationships with others by increasing assurance about what each other thinks about their relationship. To this respect. uncertainness decrease theory ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) efforts to explicate how uncertainness guides the behaviours of interactants at the initial phase of M obile Romantic Communication their relationship. From this position. at the beginning of an brush. one is motivated to cut down his/her uncertainness about the other individual. Relational uncertainness can be reduced by obtaining cognition of the other individual. which enables the interactant to do anticipations and accounts about the behaviour of the other individual with whom he/she is interacting ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) . Uncertainty decrease theory has been extended and refined by embracing a assortment of beginnings of uncertainness and of relational contexts ( see Knobloch. 2007 ; Knobloch A ; Solomon. 2002 ) . For illustration. Knobloch and Solomon ( 2002 ) pointed out that most research on relational uncertainness still holds premises made on initial interactions. and they proposed a reconceptualization of relational uncertainness relevant to shut relationships. They defined relational uncertainness as ?the grade of assurance people have in their perceptual experiences of engagement within interpersonal relationships? ( p. 245 ) . Besides. they demonstrated that relational uncertainness stems from three beginnings: the ego. the spouse. and the relationship. Self uncertainness means the uncertainties about one‘s ain engagement in the relationship. Partner uncertainness implies the uncertainties about one‘s partner‘s engagement in the relationship. and relationship uncertainness concerns the uncertainties about the relationship itself ( Knobloch A ; Solomon. 1999. 2002 ) . The decrease of relational uncertainness is basically good to spouses. It can advance feelings of intimacy between spouses by taking them to accomplish desired results such as committedness ( Knobloch A ; Solomon. 2002 ) . One scheme people use to get by with relational uncertainness is to increase verbal communicating with their spouses ( Berger A ; Kellermann. 1983 ; Kellermann A ; Berger. 1984 ) . For illustration. spouses in close relationships tend to use synergistic tactics such as speaking over most frequently in response to uncertaintyincreasing events ( Emmers A ; Canary. 1996 ; Planalp A ; Honeycutt. 1985 ; Planalp. Rutherford. A ; Mob ile Romantic Communication Honeycutt. 1988 ) . In drumhead. old surveies have systematically shown that the more communicating between relational spouses. the lower their relational uncertainness. Given that synergistic. verbal schemes are the most common ways twosomes deal with uncertainness. so we expect that these behaviours might cut down uncertainness in mediated interactions as good. In support of this position. there is grounds that repeated message exchanges over clip allow people to cut down uncertainness about spouses in computer-mediated scenes every bit successfully as they do in face-to-face contexts ( e. g. . Tidwell A ; Walther. 2002 ; Walther. 1992 ; Walther A ; Burgoon. 1992 ) . Sing this. mobile phone usage between spouses should hold a important influence on their relational uncertainness. Since increased degrees of verbal communicating between spouses tend to cut down relational uncertainness ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) . increased degrees of nomadic communicating should besides be associated with reduce d degrees of relational uncertainness. Therefore. the undermentioned hypothesis is offered: H1: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with lower degrees of relational uncertainness. Intimacy Most bookmans agree that familiarity is an indispensable characteristic of close relationships and a cardinal index of the quality of the relationships. Familiarity can be defined as the emotional bond between spouses in a relationship ( e. g. . Parks A ; Floyd. 1996 ; Perlman A ; Fehr. 1987 ) . Relationship bookmans tend to see familiarity as a procedure in which spouses become mutualist ( e. g. . Berscheid. 1983 ; Kelley et Al. . 1983 ; Reis A ; Patrick. 1996 ) . Mutuality implies that spouses within a dyad control each other‘s outcomes in the class of their interaction ( Kelley A ; Thibaut. 1978 ) . which is fostered by interrelated day-to-day activities for a continuance of clip ( Kelly et Al. . 1983 ) . Close relationships are built on confidant and Mobile Romantic Communication interdependent interactions . wherein intimate feelings and revelations occur ( Altman A ; Taylor. 1973 ; Reis A ; Patrick. 1996 ) . Feelingss of familiarity are influenced by both the quality ( Montgomery. 1988 ; Prager. 2000 ) and the measure of communicating ( Emmers-Sommer. 2004 ; Hays. 1988 ) . We soon focus on the latter. Consider. for illustration. grounds from a recent survey demoing a positive association between the frequence of insouciant interactions and relational results such as liking and satisfaction in married twosomes ( Kline A ; Stafford. 2004 ) . Besides. in Emmers-Sommer‘s ( 2004 ) survey. the measure of interactions including face-to-face and phone calls significantly influence familiarity between spouses in close relationships. These findings resonate with Duck‘s ( 1994 ) contention that mundane talk of relational spouses serves to organize connection between them. In peculiar. the significance of the relationship is created through talk happening in mundane interactions irrespective of the content of the talk ( Duck. 1994 ) . Therefore. we can theorize that more frequent and longer talk between spouses would be critical for them to see a sense of connection. Consequently. it is sensible to anticipate that spouses interacting through nomadic phones more frequently should hold more intimate feelings toward each other. H2: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with higher degrees of familiarity. Attachment Style Last. the present survey examined how the attachment manners of romantically involved participants are associated with their nomadic communicating. Attachment manners have been most often used to understand single differences in relational temperaments ( Daly. 2002 ) . because they can foretell individuals‘ relational forms with important others ( Bartholomew A ; Horowitz. 1991 ; Hazan A ; Shaver. 1987 ) . Mobile Romantic Communication Hazan and Shaver ( 1987 ) conceptualized romantic love as an attachment procedure. in which an person becomes emotionally bonded to his/her romantic spouse in a similar manner that an infant becomes attached to primary health professionals. Besides. they contend that persons with different attachment manners experience romantic relationships otherwise ( Hazan A ; Shaver. 1987 ) . Based on the old grounds. Brennan. Clark. and Shaver ( 1998 ) claimed that fond regard manners can be viewed as a map of two dimensions—avoidance and anxiousness. Avoidance concerns the inclination to maneuver clear of intimate contact due to discomfort with intimacy. while anxiousness represents strong desire for intimacy coupled with fright of forsaking ( Bartholomew A ; Horowitz. 1991 ; Brennan et Al. . 1998 ) . In relation to how attachment manner affects romantic relationships. extant research has found that persons with secure fond regard manners function good in their close relationships. compared to those with dying and avoidant manners. In peculiar. persons with secure fond regards are more likely to prosecute in behaviours that promote familiarity ( Grabill A ; Kerns. 2000 ) . On the contrary. avoidant and dying persons are less likely to prosecute in selfdisclosure ( Grabill A ; Kerns. 2000 ; Mikulincer A ; Nachson. 1991 ) and seeking and giving support ( Mikulincer. Florian. A ; Weller. 1993 ) than those securely attached. Further. in Brennan and Shaver‘s ( 1995 ) survey. the people with unafraid fond regard showed proximity-seeking behaviours. such as sharing thoughts and speaking about each other‘s twenty-four hours with a romantic spouse. more than did those with avoidant and anxious-ambivalence fond regards. Interestingly. Anders and Tucker ( 2000 ) found that av oidant and dying people are non competent in interpersonal communicating. as compared to firmly affiliated people. Based on this. it can be expected that non-securely attached people are less likely to bask interacting with important others over nomadic phones since they engage in lower degrees of self-disclosure and societal support. On the contrary. it is likely that firmly attached persons enjoy nomadic communicating with their spouses more than non-securely attached. both avoidant and dying. opposite numbers. In line with this logical thinking. the undermentioned hypotheses are proposed: H3a: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with lower degrees of turning away. H3b: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with lower degrees of anxiousness. Methods Participants Students in introductory communicating categories at a big Southwestern university received excess recognition for their engagement in an on-line study. Although anyone could take part in the survey. merely information from those presently involved in romantic relationships were analyzed for the present survey. All of the participants possessed a nomadic phone. Three married participants were excluded. ensuing in the sample size of 197. The sample included 60 ( 30. 4 % ) males and 137 females. who ranged in age from 18 to 34 ( M = 19. 40. SD = 1. 64 ) . More than half of the participants ( 53. 3 % ) were Caucasic. 21. 3 % were Hispanic. and 16. 2 % were Asiatic. One hundred 28 participants indicated their relational position as ?seriously dating? ( 65. 0 % ) . 39 as ?casually dating? ( 19. 8 % ) . 24 as ?potentially dating? ( 12. 2 % ) . and 6 as ?engaged? ( 3 % ) . The mean relationship length was 15. 4 months ( SD = 15. 42 ) . runing from less than one month to six old ages. Among the participants analyzed. six ( 3 % ) reported on a homosexual relationship. Measures Mobile phone usage. The on-line study asked participants to gauge the sum of clip they spent utilizing calls with their romantic spouse via nomadic phones in a twenty-four hours. Participants besides reported the numerical est imations of the frequence of directing and having calls with their romantic spouse in a twenty-four hours. Because the frequence of doing calls was extremely correlated with that of having calls ( R = . 82 ) . they were summed to make the composite variable named call frequence. The call clip and name frequence variables were analyzed individually because they were comparatively reasonably correlated ( r = . 58 ) . The mean clip in a twenty-four hours participants exhausted naming with their romantic spouse was about an hr and 15 proceedingss ( M = 74. 59 proceedingss. SD = 105. 19. Mode = 60 ) . The mean frequence with which participants used voice calls with their romantic spouse was approximately seven times ( M = 6. 78. SD = 5. 21. Mode = 2 ) in a twenty-four hours. As the big criterion divergence value for each variable indicates. the distributions of these two variables were extremely skewed. Therefore. log transmutations were performed on these variables. which resulted in important betterment in the normalcy of the information. These transformed variables were used in the undermentioned analyses. Relational uncertainness. Theiss and Solomon‘s ( 2006 ) step on relational uncertainness was included in the online study. This step is a shorter version of the step originally developed by Knobloch and Solomon ( 1999 ) . which is comprised of 20 statements. preceded by a root that reads ?How certain are you about. . . ? ? Participants rated their certainty with each statement utilizing a 6-point Likert-type graduated table ( 1 = wholly or about wholly unsure. 6 = wholly or about wholly certain ) . Responses to all points were rearward scored so that higher tonss on these graduated tables indicate higher degrees of uncertainness. The subscale mensurating self uncertainness contained six points. including ?whether you want the relationship to work out in the long run? ( M = 2. 20. SD = 1. 20. ? = . 94 ) . Partner uncertainness besides consisted of six points. including ?whether your spouse is ready to perpetrate to you? ( M = 2. 03. SD = 1. 19. ? = . 95 ) . and relationship unce rtainness included eight points. such as ?whether the relationship will work out in the long run? ( M = 2. 23. SD = 1. 10. ? = . 92 ) . Because the subscales were extremely correlated ( rs = . 64~ . 83 ) . the composite variable of overall relational uncertainness was created. The 20 points were combined so that higher tonss reflect greater uncertainness ( M = 2. 13. SD = 1. 06. ? = . 97 ) . Familiarity. In this survey. familiarity was measured utilizing two constructs: love and committedness. Although familiarity can be assessed by a assortment of ways. we chose love and committedness because they represent good the distinctive. yet related. characteristics—i. e. . intimacy and interdependence—of romantic relationships ( Kelley. 1983 ) . These two variables are frequently considered as indexs of familiarity between romantic spouses ( e. g. . Cole. 2001 ; Solomon A ; Knobloch. 2004 ) . Rubin‘s ( 1970 ) Love Scale was included in the online study. This scale consists of 13 statements with a response graduated table that ranges from 1 ( non at all true ) to 9 ( decidedly true ) . Example points include ?If my spouse were experiencing severely. my first responsibility would be to hearten him/her up? and ?I feel that I can confide in my spouse about virtually everything? ( M = 6. 59. SD = 1. 47. ? = . 90 ) . Committedness was measured with the corresponding subscale developed by Rusbult and associates ( 1998 ) . The commitment subscale consists of seven points. such as ?I want our relationship to last for a really long clip. ? For each point. a 7-point response graduated table ( 1 = do non hold at all. 7 = agree wholly ) was provided ( M = 5. 33. SD = 1. 64. ? = . 92 ) . Because we operationalized familiarity as a mixture of love and committedness. the these two variables ( R = . 75 ) were converted to z-scores and averaged to organize a composite variable of familiarity. Attachment manner. Participants‘ attachment manners were measured by the Multi-Item Measure of Adult Romantic Attachment Scale ( Brennan et al. . 1998 ) . The on-line study included two 18-item subscales: turning away and anxiousness. Example points include ?I prefer non to be near to romantic partners? ( avoidance graduated table ) and ?I worry a batch about my relationships? ( anxiety graduated table ) . For each point. a 7-point Likert-type graduated table ( 1 = disagree strongly. 7 = agree strongly ) was provided. The two subscales were computed so that the higher the mark. the greater the presence of the characteristic referenced by the scale‘s name. Coefficient alphas were. 93 for turning away graduated table ( M = 2. 68. SD = 1. 17 ) and. 91 for anxiousness graduated table ( M = 3. 38. SD = 1. 15 ) . Results Table 1 includes the intercorrelations among survey variables. H1 predicted that nomadic phone usage should negatively correlate with the degrees of relational uncertainness. This anticipation was supported. Call clip was significantly. negatively related to relational uncertainness ( r = . 34. P lt ; . 001 ) . and besides call frequence was negatively associated with relational uncertainness ( r = . 41. P lt ; . 001 ) . These consequences imply that the more the participants placed voice calls via nomadic phones with their spouse. the less they felt relational unc ertainness. The 2nd hypothesis dealt with the relationship between Mobile phone usage and familiarity in romantic relationships. Mobile phone usage was significantly. positively associated with familiarity ( for call clip. R = . 38. P lt ; . 001 ; for call frequence. R = . 42. P lt ; . 001 ) . Participants utilizing nomadic phone calls more often and longer with their romantic spouses reported the greater degrees of familiarity in their relationship. Therefore. H2 was supported. Remember that H3a-b were about the relationship between Mobile phone usage and fond regard manners. H3a posited a negative relationship between Mobile phone usage and the degree of turning away. Participants‘ scores on the turning away graduated table were significantly. negatively associated with the clip they spent naming ( R = . 22. p = . 002 ) and the frequence with which they made and standard calls ( R = . 33. P lt ; . 001 ) . Therefore. H3a was supported. H3b. nevertheless. was non supported. which expected that participants with higher anxiousness tonss should demo reduced degrees of Mobile phone usage. Anxiety was non significantly correlated with call clip ( r = . 11. N ) or call frequence ( R = . 06. N ) . In short. participants who tended to avoid intimate contact used nomadic phones with their spouse significantly less than those who did non. but participants‘ anxiousness on their relationship did non significantly affect nomadic phone usage with their spouse. Discussion This survey examined couples‘ mobile phone usage with respect to their relational and single characteristics—relational uncertainness. familiarity. and attachment. Specifically. participants describing greater frequence and continuance of clip utilizing voice calls showed lower degrees of relational uncertainness and higher degrees of familiarity. In add-on. participants who felt uncomfortable with closenessâ₠¬â€avoidant individuals—tended to utilize voice calls less than those who did non. The findings suggest that in the context of romantic relationships. greater usage of nomadic phones. peculiarly voice calls. is associated with more positive facets of relationships. For illustration. the more the usage of nomadic phones. the lower the reported relational uncertainness ( H1 ) . This is consistent with uncertainness decrease theory ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) . which predicts that higher frequence of brushs is associated to take down uncertainness in societal interactions. Previous surveies have demonstrated people‘s inclination to increase verbal interactions to cover with relational uncertainness ( e. g. . Emmers A ; Canary. 1996 ; Planalp A ; Honeycutt. 1985 ; Planalp et Al. . 1988 ) . Likewise. as a manner of interpersonal communicating. nomadic communicating between spouses seems to lend to decrease of their relational uncertainness. The findings besides resonate with Walther‘s ( 1992 ) suggestion that repeated brushs and drawn-out interaction c lip Fosters relational development among spouses pass oning through engineering. The consequences besides indicate that as the sum of nomadic communicating additions. the intimacy between spouses in a relationship additions. The more the nomadic phone usage within romantic couples. the stronger the familiarity ( H2 ) . Given that frequent interconnectedness is necessary to organize a close relationship ( Kelley et al. . 1983 ) . nomadic communicating seems to carry through people‘s need for interconnection in close relationships. This procedure may ensue in greater degrees of love and committedness. and overall more familiarity. The non-tethered characteristic of nomadic phones may let twosomes to pass on with each other whenever and wherever they want. and possibly it besides satisfies the demands of spouses in an confidant relationship who have strong desires to pass on with each other. Apart from the technological factors. immature people‘s forms of nomadic phone usage may further mutuality with their important others. For illustration. alternatively of puting a fixed assignment. they arrange and rearrange it on a real-time footing thanks to mobile phones ( Ling A ; Yttri. 2002 ) . Besides. frequent. short calls and messages may take communicators to continuously experience feelings of connection between them ( Licoppe. 2004 ) . It is possible that more frequent nomadic communicating helps twosomes coordinate their day-to-day activities. which may take to increased feelings of intimacy. Simply talking. the findings of this survey suggest that nomadic communicating between spouses is closely related to their familiarity. Attachment and Mobile Communication As relational temperaments of persons. fond regard manners were associated with nomadic communicating in couple relationships. Participants utilizing lower sums of voice calls within their dating relationships reported higher inclination of turning away ( H3a ) . Highly avoidant people are characterized by experiencing uncomfortable with intimacy. trust. and dependence ( Hazan A ; Shaver. 1987 ) . Therefore. they may experience uneasy being approachable at any clip by their spouse. so they may non take advant age of nomadic phones. whereas non-avoidant people seem to do good usage of nomadic phones to reach their spouse. We expected dying persons would do less usage of nomadic phones. but anxiety dimension was non significantly associated with nomadic phone usage ( H3b ) . This may be because anxiousness. by itself. refers to a cognitive or emotional province instead than behaviors—anxiety over relationship ( forsaking ) . To sum up. turning away degrees of participants affected their nomadic phone usage with spouses. while anxiousness degrees did non. Limitations Some restrictions of the present survey include the self-report method to mensurate the measure of nomadic communicating. which may non be dependable because participants had to remember and gauge the frequence and clip of utilizing nomadic phones. Besides. although it seems rather plausible that nomadic communicating can straight impact uncertainness and familiarity. we can non except the possibility of the other manner of causality. For case. increased degrees of familiarity or connection between spouses may bring on them to prosecute in more contact. These restrictions address future research with tighter methodological control. Despite its restrictions. this survey sheds some light about nomadic communicating in the context of romantic relationships. Taken together. more usage of nomadic phones between romantic spouses was associated with a better quality of their relationship. This survey contributes to our cognition on the nature of romantic relationships in times when communicating engineering plays an progressively critical function in making. maintaining. and ending personal relationships. Mentions Altman. I. A ; Taylor. D. A. ( 1973 ) . Social incursion: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston. Anders. S. L. . A ; Tucker. J. S. ( 2000 ) . Adult attachment manner. interpersonal communicating competency. and societal support. Personal Relationships. 7. 379-389. Bartholomew. K. . A ; Horowitz. L. M. ( 1991 ) . Attachment manners among immature grownups: A trial of a four-category theoretical account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64. 226-244. Berscheid. E. ( 1983 ) . Emotion. In H. H. Kelley. E. Berscheid. A. Christensen. J. Harvey. T. L. Huston. G. Levinger. et Al. ( Eds. ) . Close relationships ( pp. 110–168 ) . San Francisco: Freeman. Berger. C. R. . A ; Calabrese. R. J. ( 1975 ) . Some geographic expeditions in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communicating. Human Communication Research. 1. 99-112. Berger. C. R. . A ; Kellermann. K. A. ( 1983 ) . To inquire or non to inquire: Is that a inquiry? In R. N. Bostrom ( Ed. ) . Communication Yearbook 7 ( pp. 342-368 ) . Newbury Park. Calcium: Sage. Brennan. K. A. . A ; Shaver. P. R. ( 1995 ) . Dimensions of grownup fond regard. affect ordinance. and romantic relationship operation. Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin . 21. 267283. Brennan. K. A. . Clark. C. L. . A ; Shaver. P. R. ( 1998 ) . Self-report steps of grownup fond regard: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson A ; W. S. Rholes ( Eds. ) . Attachment theory and close relationships ( pp. 46-76 ) . New York: Guilford Press. Campbell. S. W. . A ; Kelley. M. J. ( 2006 ) . Mobile phone usage in AA webs: An exploratory survey. Journal of Applied Communication Research. 34. 191-208. Mobile Romantic Communication Campbell. S. W. . A ; Russo. T. C. ( 2003 ) . The societal building of nomadic engineering: An application of the societal influence theoretical account to perceptual experiences and utilizations of nomadic phones within personal communicating webs. Communication Monographs. 70. 317-334. Caplan. S. E. ( 2003 ) . Preference for on-line societal interaction: A theory of debatable Internet usage and psychosocial wellbeing. Communication Research. 30. 625-648. Cole. R. ( 2001 ) . Liing to the 1 you love: The usage of misrepresentation in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 18. 107-129. Craig. R. T. ( Ed. ) . ( 2007 ) . Issue forum debut: Mobile media and communicating: What are of import inquiries? [ Particular subdivision ] . Communication Monographs. 74. 386-413. Daly. J. A. ( 2002 ) . Personality and interpersonal communicating. In M. L. Knapp A ; J. A. Daly ( Eds. ) . Handbook of interpersonal communicating ( 3rd erectile dysfunction. . pp. 133-180 ) . Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage. Duck. S. ( 1994 ) . Steady as ( s ) he goes: Relational care as a shared significance system. In D. J. Canary A ; L. Stafford ( Eds. ) . Communication and relational care ( pp. 45-60 ) . San Diego. Calcium: Academic Press. Ellison. N. B. . Steinfield. C. . A ; Lampe. C. ( 2007 ) . The benefits of Facebook ?friends: ? Social capital and college students’ usage of on-line societal web sites. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication. 12 ( 4 ) . article 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //jcmc. Indiana. edu/vol12/issue4/ellison. hypertext markup language Emmers. T. M. . A ; Canary. D. J. ( 1996 ) . The consequence of uncertainness cut downing schemes on immature couples‘ relational fix and familiarity. Communication Quarterly. 44. 166-182. Emmers-Sommer. T. A. ( 2004 ) . The consequence of communicating quality and measure indexs on familiarity and relational satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 21. Mobile Romantic Communication 399-411. Grabill. C. M. . A ; Kerns. K. A. ( 2000 ) . Attachment manner and familiarity in friendly relationship. Personal Relationships. 7. 363-378. Hays. R. B. ( 1988 ) . Friendship. In S. W. Duck. D. F. Hay. S. E. Hobfoll. W. Ickes. A ; B. M. Montgomery ( Eds. ) . Handbook of personal relationships: Theory. research and intercessions ( pp. 391-408 ) . Chichester. United kingdom: Wiley. Hazan. C. . A ; Shaver. P. R. ( 1987 ) . Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment procedure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52. 511-524. Ishii. K. ( 2006 ) . Deductions of mobility: The utilizations of personal communicating media in mundane life. Journal of Communication. 56. 346-365. Jin. B. ( 2007. November ) . Mobile communicating as a manner of interpersonal communicating. Paper presented at the National Communication Association Convention. Chicago. Illinois. Katz. J. E. ( Ed. ) . ( 2003 ) . Machines that become us: The societal context of p ersonal communicating engineering. New Brunswick. New jersey: Transaction. Katz. J. E. . A ; Aakhus. M. ( Eds. ) . ( 2002 ) . Ageless contact: Mobile communicating. private talk. public public presentation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kellermann. K. A. . A ; Berger. C. R. ( 1984 ) . Affect and the acquisition of societal cognition: Sit back. relax. and state me about yourself. In R. N. Bostrom ( Ed. ) . Communication Yearbook 8 ( pp. 412-445 ) . Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage. Kelley. H. H. ( 1983 ) . Love and committedness. In H. H. Kelley. E. Berscheid. A. Christensen. J. Harvey. T. L. Huston. G. Levinger. E. et Al. ( Eds. ) . Close relationships ( pp. 265–314 ) . San Francisco: Freeman. Mobile Romantic Communication Kelley. H. H. . A ; Thibaut. J. W. ( 1978 ) . Interpersonal dealingss: A theory of mutuality. New York: Wiley. Kelley. H. H. . Berscheid. E. . Christensen. A. . Harvey. J. H. . Huston. T. L. . Levinger. G. . et Al. ( 1983 ) . Analyzing close relationships. In H. H. Kelley. E. Berscheid. A. Christensen. J. Harvey. T. L. Huston. G. Levinger. E. et Al. ( Eds. ) . Close relationships ( pp. 20–67 ) . San Francisco: Freeman. Kline. S. . A ; Stafford. L. ( 2004 ) . A comparing if interaction regulations and interaction frequence in relationship to matrimonial quality. Communication Reports. 17.11-26. Knobloch. L. K. ( 2007 ) . The dark side of relational uncertainness: Obstacle or chance. In B. H. Spitzberg A ; W. R. Cupach ( Eds. ) . The dark side of interpersonal communicating ( 2nd erectile dysfunction. . pp. 31-60 ) . Mahwah. New jersey: Erlbaum. Knobloch. L. K. . A ; Solomon. D. H. ( 1999 ) . Measuring the beginnings and content of relational uncertainness. Communication Studies. 50. 261-278. Knobloch. L. K. . A ; Solomon. D. H. ( 2002 ) . Information seeking beyond initial interaction: Negotiating relational uncertainness within close relationships. Human Communication Research. 28. 243-257. Licoppe. C. ( 2004 ) . ?Connected‘ presence: The outgrowth of a new repertory for pull offing societal relationships in a altering communicating technoscape. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 22. 135-156. Ling. R. . A ; Yttri. B. ( 2002 ) . Hyper-coordination via nomadic phones in Norway. In J. E. Katz A ; M Aakhus ( Eds. ) . Ageless contact: Mobile communicating . private talk. public public presentation ( pp. 139-169 ) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ling. R. . A ; Pedersen. P. E. ( Eds. ) . ( 2005 ) . Mobile communications: Re-negotiation of the societal Mikulincer. M. . A ; Nachson. O. ( 1991 ) . Attachment manners and forms of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61. 321-331. Mikulincer. M. . Florian. V. . A ; Weller. A. ( 1993 ) . Attachment manners. get bying schemes. and posttraumatic psychological hurt: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64. 817-826. Montgomery. B. M. ( 1988 ) . Quality communicating in personal relationships. In S. W. Duck. D. F. Hay. S. E. Hobfoll. W. Ickes. A ; B. M. Montgomery ( Eds. ) . Handbook of personal relationships: Theory. research and intercessions ( pp. 343–359 ) . Chichester. United kingdom: Wiley. Parks. M. R. . A ; Floyd. K. ( 1996 ) . Meanings for intimacy and familiarity in friendly relationship. Journal ofSocial and Personal Relationships. 13. 85-107. Perlman. D. . A ; Fehr. B. ( 1987 ) . The development of intimate relationships. In D. Perlman A ; S. Duck ( Eds. ) . Intimate relationships: Development. k ineticss. and impairment ( pp. 13– 42 ) . Newbury Park. Calcium: Sage. Planalp. S. . A ; Honeycutt. J. M. ( 1985 ) . Events that increase uncertainness in personal relationships. Human Communication Research. 11. 593-604. Planalp. S. . Rutherford. D. K. . A ; Honeycutt. J. M. ( 1988 ) . Events that increase uncertainness in personal relationships II: Reproduction and extension. Human Communication Research. 14. 516-547. Prager. K. J. ( 2000 ) . Familiarity in personal relationships. In S. S. Hendrick A ; C. Hendrick ( Eds. ) . Close relationships: A sourcebook ( pp. 229-242 ) . Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage. Reis. H. T. . A ; Patrick. B. C. ( 1996 ) . Attachment and familiarity: Component procedures. In E. T. Higgins A ; A. W. Kruglanski ( Eds. ) . Social psychological science: Handbook of basic rules ( pp. 23-563 ) . New York: Guilford. Rubin. Z. ( 1970 ) . Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 16. 265-273. Rusbult. C. E. . Martz. J. M. . A ; Agnew. C. R. ( 1998 ) . The investing theoretical account graduated table: Measuring committedness degree. satisfaction degree. quality of options. and investing size. Personal Relationships. 5. 357-391. Solomon. D. H. . A ; Knobloch. L. K. ( 2004 ) . A theoretical account of relational turbulency: The function of familiarity. relational uncertainness. and intervention from spouses in assessments of annoyances. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 21. 795-816. Sternberg. R. J. ( 1988 ) . Triangulating love. In R. Sternberg A ; M. Barnes ( Eds. ) . The psychological science of love ( pp. 119-138 ) . New Haven: Yale University Press. Theiss. J. A. . A ; Solomon. D. H. ( 2006 ) . A relational turbulency theoretical account of communicating about annoyances in romantic relationships. Communication Research. 33. 391-418. Tidwell. L. C. . A ; Walther. J. B. ( 2002 ) . Computer-mediated communicating effects on revelation. feelings. and interpersonal ratings: Geting to cognize one another a spot at a clip. Human Communication Research. 28. 317-348. Walther. J. B. ( 1992 ) . Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational position. Communication Research. 19. 52-90. Walther. J. B. . A ;Burgoon. J. K. ( 1992 ) . Relational communicating in computer-mediated interaction. Human Communication Research. 19. 50-88. Wei. R. . A ; Lo. V. -H. ( 2006 ) . Staying connected while on the move: Mobile phone usage and societal connection. New Media A ; Society. 8. 53-72. Mobile Romantic Communication Table 1 Intercorrelations of Study Variables 1 1. Name clip 2. Name frequence 3. Self uncertainness 4. Partner uncertainness 5. Relationship uncertainness 6. Relational uncertainness a 7. Love 8. Committedness 9. Familiarity b 10. Avoidance ? . 58** . 35** . 32** . 31** . 36** . 36** . 37** . 38** . 22* ? . 33** . 39** . 39** . 41** . 40** . 41** . 42** . 33** ? . 64** . 83** . 90** . 71** . 84** . 82** . 56** ? . 76** . 87** . 56** . 62** . 63** . 50** ? . 96** . 66** . 78** . 75** . 60** ? . 71** . 82** . 80** . 61** ? . 75** . 94** . 57** ? . 94** . 61** ? . 63** ? ? 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11. Anxiety . 11 . 06. 09. 31** . 26** . 25** . 04 . 09 . 04. 24** Note. a Composite variable of ego. spouse. and relationship uncertainness. b Composite variable of love and committedness N = 187~197. * P lt ; . 01. ** P lt ; . 001.